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Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
The was the first treaty between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Signed on October 14, 1854 it paralleled the Convention of Kanagawa, a similar agreement between Japan and the United States six months earlier which effectively ended Japan’s 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (''sakoku''). As a result of the treaty, the ports of Nagasaki and Hakodate were opened to British vessels, and Britain was granted most favored nation status with other western powers.〔G. Fox, ''The Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854''〕
==The isolation of Japan==
Anglo-Japanese relations began in 1600 at the start of the Tokugawa shogunate with the arrival of William Adams, a seaman from Gillingham, Kent, who became an advisor to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He facilitated the creation of a British trading post at Hirado in 1613, led by English captain John Saris, who obtained a Red Seal permit giving "free licence to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan.〔The Red Seal permit was re-discovered in 1985 by Professor Hayashi Nozomu, in the Bodleian Library. Massarella, Derek; Tytler Izumi K. (1990) "(The Japonian Charters )" ''Monumenta Nipponica'', Vol. 45, No. 2, pp 189–205.〕 However, during the ten year activity of the company between 1613 and 1623, apart from the first ship (''Clove'' in 1613), only three other English ships brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. The British withdrew in 1623 without seeking permission from the Japanese, and in 1639, the Tokugawa shogunate announced a policy of isolating the country from outside influences with foreign trade to be maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese exclusively at Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly.〔W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.74-77〕
The isolation policy was challenged several times by the British, most notably in 1673, when an English ship named "Returner" visited Nagasaki harbor, and was refused permission to renew trading relations, and in 1808, when the warship entered Nagasaki during the Napoleonic War to attack Dutch shipping and threatened to destroy the town unless it was provided with supplies.
By the early nineteenth century, the policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King William II of the Netherlands sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside.〔W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.78〕 In 1852, United States Navy Commodore Matthew Perry was sent with a fleet of warships by American President Millard Fillmore of the to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary.〔J. W. Hall, ''Japan'', p.207.〕 There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan’s economic and political sovereignty, but after Perry threatened to continue directly on to Edo, the nation’s capital and to burn it to the ground if necessary, he was allowed to land at nearby Kurihama on July 14 and to deliver his letter.〔W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.89.〕 The visit resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa signed on March 31, 1854, which opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels, ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan.〔Perry, Matthew Calbraith (1856). (''Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.'' )〕
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